Each year, about 7,000 new Japanese immigrants enter United States ports, making up about 4% of immigration from Asia; net migration, however is significantly lower because some (does not know numbers) older Japanese –American have been moving to Japan.
In conclusion, the contributions of the Japanese –American to our country have been very great. Their industry and good citizenship are widely known to those familiar with them. They have become scientists, professors, journalists, businessman, farmers, and have entered into a wide variety of occupations throughout expand of our nation.
The world News announces:
A US study on the country's changing demographics just released this past week. The Pew Research Center surveyed thousands of Asian Americans, asking them about their lives. Researchers came up with some interesting results. The U.S. Asian population has risen in recent years at rates rarely seen in America before. It's a modern immigration wave that's thrust the group from less than 1-percent of the population in 1965 to nearly 6-percent in 2011-a more than fivefold increase, according to a new Pew Research Center Survey called "The Rise of Asian-Americans." Asians, which include Indians, Koreans, Chinese, Filipino's, Japanese and Vietnamese, among others, were the fastest growing group of recent American-immigrants in the past decade, eclipsing Hispanics-a demographic group now in steep decline. Stanley Rosen, the professor of Political Science Dept., USC says, "Here the economy plays a role in the sense that the immigration from Central-America and Mexico slowed down a bit as economic opportunities in the United States has declined a bit, and border patrols have become heavier." And there are several notable distinctions here. Asians earn more money than any other racial group. They tend to live in mixed neighborhoods and they more likely to marry interracially. Yakenda Mcgahee from Los Angeles says, "And they're more likely to be educated according to the study. 49% of Asian-Americans, foreign-born & U.S.-born, hold college degrees, compared to 28-percent of the rest of the U.S. population. And the median Income of this group is, on average, $16,000 higher than the rest of America." Stanley says, "What we're finding now with the new immigrants is that they're actually coming here to pursue educational goals; and so they're already well-educated. And that earlier generation of working in a sweat shop or working in a Chinese kitchen. That generation is dying out." The study not only answers the question, "who"; but also the question: "why." Why did a new immigrant wave from Asia choose to head West Stanley says, "This is actually one of the surprising findings of the surveys. That as the economies in Asia are booming, by-and-large, and the economies in the west including the United States, are not. You would think that the movement would be in the other direction. So this is kind of counterintuitive in a way, and they must be coming for other reasons." The reasons cited in the Pew Research report This new wave of Asian immigrants still believes in the "American Dream"-that the U.S. is a land of opportunity, despite recent economic data to the contrary.
Michael Kenji Shinoda is the Japanese American Sansei. This is his song 'Kenji' (2005) from "The Rising Tied" by Fort Minor. The Image: Japanese American family with bags packed for stay
in an internment camp, 1942-1945.
Since Japanese
immigrants came to America, they had high ambitions, drawing inspiration from
the Meiji Restoration (Modernization of Japan) of success in life. According to
Ichioka (1988), “Japanese immigrants’ history is also labor history” (p. 2).
They entered the urban service trades and agricultural railroad, mining,
lumber, and fishing industries.When Japanese warplanes pounded Pearl Harbor, Japanese
Americans were forced to be interned by Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) agents. The Second World War in the Pacific was the significant
turning point that both Japan and the United States had historical mistakes.
I learned from my experience in living in the United States that the internment
of Japanese Americans was based largely in racism. They had been the subject of
racist laws and rhetoric since the early 20th century. Racial discrimination
has always correlated in problematic ways. This dynamic becomes even more
complicated when they are intersected with war. The history of Japanese immigrants
consisted in some major conflicts, and it indicated that racial discrimination.
Japanese immigrants worked as hard laborers in the United States; however, they
were struggling against anti-Japanese laws, racism, and internment during the Second
World War in the Pacific, and it was indubitably historical mistakes.
The early histories of
Japanese immigrants were a history of a racial minority struggling to survive
in the United States. In the words of Ichioka
(1988), “Past studies of Japanese immigration have concentrated
heavily on the anti-Japanese exclusion movement from 1900 to 1924, focusing on the excluders rather than the excluded, on the
anti-Japanese racists rather than the Japanese immigrants” (p. 1).In 1900 to 1924,
Japanese immigrants had faced racism pondenderously by the society of America. In 1870,
“Congress extended the right of naturalization that was being neither white nor
black, Japanese immigrants, along with other Asian immigrants, were classified
as aliens ineligible to citizenship, without the right of naturalization”
(Spickard, 2009). Japanese immigrant’s history is labor history, during
the rapid expansion of industrial capitalism after the Civil War in America.
And non-English-speaking immigrants filled the ranks of the unskilled labor. In
the western United States, Japanese immigrants were engaged the urban service
trades and agricultural railroad, mining, lumber, and fishing industries. The
life of hardship, struggle, and sacrifice of Japanese immigrants’ laborers
under this contracting system represents the dark side of Japanese immigrant
history and the untold Japanese side of western labor history
(Ichioka, 1988).
Japanese immigrants were harassedbased on denial of citizenship. American-born offspring of Japanese immigrants
were citizens by birth, known as Nisei. In the hysteria
of the Second World War, a few members of Congress sought to strip the Nisei of
their American citizenship and send them back to Japan. Japanese were
denied the right to own land or buy homes (The 1920 Alien Land Law). An
editorial published in a San Francisco newspaper claimed that Japanese
were an inferior race; the Board of Education should not allow Japanese children
to attend the public school because they were ineligible to citizenship.
The first reference to segregating Japanese school children appears in the San
Francisco in 1906.However, after receiving the
protest, the president of the board ruled it had no right to compel Japanese to
attend a school set apart for Chinese because there was not separate school for
the Japanese. Hosokawa pointed out in his book, Nisei,” But in an apparent contradiction, the president went
on to say that to exclude Japanese children from public schools was an
unjustifiable and unwarranted insult to the Japanese race”(Hosokawa, 1969).
This is unconstitutional attitude of the school board, and racism.After that, Japanese
children moved to Oriental school. In 1907, this exclusion order was withdrawn
by President Theodore Roosevelt. However, in the exchange conditions, Japanese
immigrants were not able to come to the U.S mainland via Hawaii. In 1924,
finally the Immigration Act prohibited the Asian immigration completely (Ichioka,
1988).
“War came to America on
Sunday, December 7, 1941, when Japanese warplanes pounded Pearl Harbor”
(Spickard, 2009, p.101). Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents called to
Japanese American that “enemy aliens”, and they arrested about 5,000 Japanese
American. After that, Japanese Americas were forced to relocate internment
camps located in California, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Arkansas by
military force. About 112,000 Japanese Americans (including 70,000 American
citizens) sold their personal possessions and properties for low prices. The
internment happened after the attack ofthe American Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japan
killed 2,043 Americans during the surprise attack and destroyed American
warships and aircraft. President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order
9066 in February 1942 (Hosokawa, 1969).
The camps, there were large, empty spaces by high wire
fences. “Long rows of tar-paper barracks were broken at intervals by winds wept
street- dusty in dry weather” (Spickard, 2009). Also, there were vast pools of
mud in the winter raining. Daily functions were performed in central mess
halls, showers, and latrines. Outside the blocks of barracks, beyond the fences
and guard towers lay only the desert. The camps were located in the desert; the average summer temperatures
were over 100 degree and winter was falling to minus 30 degree in some
of the camps. People did not supply milk for babies, and no enough medication.
Some of them died in the camps due to inadequate medical care, the emotional
stress, and were killed by military guards. In internment camps, Japanese American lived like prisoners. Many children also
lived in camps. People founded school for children, and voluntary teachers
taught children; some camps paid for teachers(Spickard, 2009). (Reference:The Photo 1).
In 1944, they finally got out of the camps, but
they did not return to their homes because different families lived
in there. Most of them returned to the West Coast. They
began to start new lives. They lost their lands and homes. When they returned,
they tried to regain what they had lost. They moved on from what had happened. Spickard
(2009) has noted, “Many of those who went east during and after the war never
came back to the West Coast” (P.151). Japanese population grew tenfold in
Denver, New York, and Chicago because many of them could not get back in the
West Coast which they lost. Nevertheless, the Congress paid for some of
that property. They gave the Japanese- Americans 10 percent reduction they had
lost. Eventually, Japanese Americans received the letter of apology
for Japanese ancestry from the Congress in October 1, 1993.
The excluded of Japanese ancestry suffered damages such as material,
education, and intangible values. It was for these fundamental violations of
the basic civil liberties and constitutional rights of these individuals of
Japanese ancestry, the Congress apologies on behalf of the nation. By fifty years after the Second World
War, Americans of Japanese ancestry finally began to live a
normal life without racial prejudice, to get jobs,
and obtain money loans (Hosokawa, 1969).
During the Second World War, Japan, German, and
Italy were all hostile countries.
Most German- Americans and Italian Americans spent the
war free and not under any special scrutiny. However, JapaneseAmericans were interned in the number of people.
Japanese American Internment was the unconstitutionality, and unquestionable an
illegal state as I mentioned the letter of apology for Japanese ancestry from
the Congress in 1993. As a result, it was based on
anti-Japanese sentiment caused by racial prejudice. It was the truth; there
were injustice, merciless and huge mistake. Today, all forms of discrimination
against movement of the elimination of racial discrimination have a
long history in the United States, but still full eradication.
It is a situation that cannot be extermination. After all, people are
neither wise nor intelligent enough to be eliminated from the world of racism
because everyone has different feeling.
I searched a theme of my blog,History of Japanese Immigrant to
America,and I found the
words: Japanese American internment camp, 1942-1945. As a result, I choose to
answer the questions: Who came up with the idea? What factors contributed to
its growth today? And is society taking this issue seriously? Why or why not?
During World War II,
Japanese Americas were forced to relocate internment camps located in
California, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, and Arkansas by military force.
About 112,000 Japanese Americans (including 70,000 American citizens) sold
their personal possessions and properties for low prices. The internment happened
after the attack of"the American Pacific fleet at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Japan killed 2,043 Americans during the surprise attack
and destroyed American warships and aircraft” (Korematsu v. United States
(1944). President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 in February
1942. In internment camps Japanese American lived like prisoners and many of
them were died.
Eventually in 1988, the “Congress apologized to Japanese
Americans for their confinement. That year it passed a law giving $ 20,000 to each
confine who was still alive” (Korematsu v. United States (1944).
The court decision contributed to
American`s constitution that “the Court's decision would be a ‘loaded weapon
ready for the hand of any authority’ that decided to imprison an entire race of
Americans in the future” (Korematsu v. United States (1944). Worldwide
historical mistaken racial discrimination evens never allow to society.
The
Image: Pre-school students at Poston II Relocation Center, 1942-1945.
Courtesy of: Japanese American Archival Collection. MSS-94.
California State University Sacrament Library. Dept. of Special Collections and
University Archives.
In the
picture above, children were forced to live in internment camps. This mistaken
event was never repeated. Most tragic event of racial discrimination was
the Holocaust. “The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored
persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi …. The
Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were
‘racially superior’ and that the Jews, deemed ‘inferior,’ were an alien threat
to the so-called German racial community" (United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum).
Today, in the United States, racial
prejudices still exist. The Ku Klux Klan still exists in American society.In
addition, “During the period from 1924 to 1952, when the National Origins
Act was enforced and Japanese emigrants were excluded from the United
States, the Japanese population in the New York City hovered between 2500 and
2900. After the outbreak of World War II all Japanese organizations were forced
to cease operations, and during the war a number of their leaders and other
Japanese were detained at Ellis Island” ( The Encyclopedia of New York 671).
Theacher`s Lesson Plan 89,Let Freedom RingJapanese-American Internment: Suppressing Freedom in the Name of National Security. LaGuardia Community College/CUNY LaGuardia and Wagner archives.
Densho (2010) Japanese Americans. Seattle, Washington. The Japanese American Legacy Project. Retrieved from http://nikkeijin.densho.org/
I recommend this cite due to easy to see and rich photographs of the internment camps.
Hosokawa, B. (1969). Nisei: The
Quiet Americans BY BILL HOSOKAWA the Story of a people . New York, NY.
William Morrow and Company, Inc.
Hosokawa addressed about a history
of the second generation of Japanese Americans 1900 to 1960s. He vividly
described the history of the Nisei, who were confronted with a racial minority
struggling to survive throughout the Second World War in the United States.
Spickard, P.R. (2009). Japanese
Americans: The Formation and Transformations of an Ethnic Group New
Brunswick, New Jersey, and London. Rutgers University Press.
(Original work published 1996).
Spickard expressed Japanese-American history overall, and he argued Internment
camp as well.
Ichioka, Y. (1988). The Issei-The
World of the First Generation Japanese Immigrants, 1885- 1924. New York,
NY. The Free Press.
Yoji Ichioka was a senior
researcher at the UCLA Asian American Studies Center and Adjunct Professor of
History at UCLA. Ichioka described vividly about the Issei who is a first
immigrant in the U.S. I touched by several Japanese American books, but he had
a lot of prestige such as his description, sentences, and perspective.
Picture
Credits
Grateful for copyright holders to
use the following graphics (the five photographs on cite). These photographs
are in order of up to down, photo 1, illustration 2, photo 3, photo 4, and
photo 5.
“The Photo 1”:
Pre-school students at Poston ll Relocation Center, 1942-1944 .Courtesy of
Japanese Archival Collection. MSS-94. California State University Sacrament Library.
Dept. Of Special Collections and University
“The Illustration 2”:
Graph Illustrating Populations of Immigrants
Courtesy of CUNY LaGuardia
Community College Library Media Source
“The Photo 3”: The
Internment Camp in Arizona in 1942
Courtesy of University of Arizona
Library
“The Photo 4”: Japanese
American Family with bags packed for stay in an Internment Camp in 1942.
Courtesy of CUNY LaGuardia Community College Library Media Source, Gale
Opposing Viewpoints
“The Photo 5”: The
Congress Apologies for Japanese Americans in 1993.
Ichiro Suzuki, who is the
most successful in Japanese in the Unites States. He is a Japanese professional
baseball player. Recently, he moved to New York Yankees of Major League. He had played
in the Seattle Mariners for11 years. He has excellent records for batting including hits with
262.Ichiro is
first Japanese-born everyday position
player in the major leagues, and he got awards in the AL in batting average and
stolen bases and MVP. Also, Ichiro
is the first MLB player to enter the Japanese
Baseball a Hall of Fame (The Golden Players Club).
Ichiro moved to New York Yankees
that it is big deal to Japanese people who live in New York City. It must be increase to Japanese visitors and
it may affect to Japanese community such as reopen the shops which were closed
due to the yen has strengthened against the dollar. Moreover, Mrs. Suzuki is a business
woman; she runs real estate and beauty salons. Some people said that the
business makes a profit like Ichiro`s income. The couple has not had their
child for 12 years` marriage, but they have liked a child instead of a
shiba-dog, Ikkyu (above the picture).
Many Japanese are going to miss the
Japanese player, when Hideki Matsui left from New York Yankees. Japanese should
wear a Yankee`s uniform number 31. The price is between 45 to 50 dollars, and you can order and will get only 3 days delivery.
Japanese
constitution was amendments dramatically after were defeated in World War
Second. Japan was used to be militarism since then democratic government. There
were changing for everything such as education, regulations and eventually the
nation`s beliefs. But it have never changed one important thing that “the
Emperor system “of Japan. In the article, “ Japanese Laws and Policies
concerning Immigration” by Brian Bailey illustrates:
“The United States and Japan both strive
for high economic growth, ceteris paribus. Policymakers in the United States
partly justify America's liberal immigration laws on the basis that it benefits
the economy. The immigration contributes significantly to economic growth.
Japan that has had virtually no permanent immigration since WWII, yet whose
economy grew remarkably faster than the United States', even granting that it
started from a lower GDP base.There were as many as 563,681( including 292,791 were
illegals) unskilled foreign workers in Japan on 1992.
The total for unskilled foreign workers comes from adding those present in
Japan with the statuses of trainee, college student, pre-college student to the
number of Japanese-descended South Americans in Japan and to the number of
estimated foreigners staying in Japan. The presence of
the illegal foreign workers is what most commentators and most Japanese
see as "the problem." But this really is not the problem. The
presence of illegal foreign workers is a symptom of an underlying
problem. This underlying problem is that Japan has and will, for the
foreseeable future, have a need for unskilled labor which cannot be met by
domestic supply. However, the rest of Asia, as it is developing, has a surplus
of unskilled workers who are attracted by Japan's high wages.
Historically, Japan's own
philosophical standards regarding its place in Asia have changed dramatically.
Since the Meiji period, Japan has allowed the emigration of Japanese to the
rest of Asia and even to the United States. However, a series of diplomatic
problems erupted when the U.S. affected the Gentleman's Agreement with Japan in
1907 which stemmed the flow of Japanese 'yellows' to the United States. Next,
with the Immigration Act of 1924, Japanese were all but barred from entering
the United States. By World
War II, the crusading philosophy for Japanese penetration of Asia was
"Asia for Asiatics." Of course, this could be more accurately
translated as "Asia for the Japanese" because there was no
significant movement of other Asians to Japan (except forcibly as colonial
subjects), yet the spread of Japanese emigrants to other Asian countries
certainly accelerated--between 1935 and 1945, 265,789 Japanese emigrated to
Manchuria and 18,711 to Southeast Asian countries. No doubt that if Japan had
won WWII, emigration would have continued and increased as the victors sought
to occupy the conquered.
During
WWII, there was an intangible bond between Japan and the rest of Asia, even if
the only commonality was a mutual hatred of Westerners in Asia.Today the tables
have been turned. Japan keeps Asia at arms-length from itself. Many Asians
believe the rest of Asia is important to Japan so far as it is a market for
Japanese goods, a source for raw materials, and a source of cheap labor for
overseas Japanese conglomerates. When it comes to Asians, however, heading
to Japan to do 3K( Kitsui means severe, Kitanai means dirty, and Kirai means
hated) work, Japan recoils”(Bailey ).
Sources:
Brian
Bailey " Japanese Laws and Policies concerning Immigration"
1, 1900-2000 Immigration from Japan the greatest number of 213,634
people in the United States.
In 1900-, most Japanese immigrants were young men
between the ages of 20 and 40 for manual laborers
such as famers or planters, fishermen or oystermen, miners, domestic servants, launderers,
traders or dealers, employees of railroad, barbers, and clerks in store. Most
of them settled the West Coast and Hawaii.
After World War II, many Japanese brides came to America.
2, In 1901, a dozen
Japanese abalone fishermen came to Terminal Island in Los Angeles
The image: a fishing village at present day in the northeastern area of Honshu in Japan
Courtesy of: nihonaruku.exblog.jp
3, Japanese in New York City
In1876, six Japanese businessmen started to establish trade in wholesale and
retail goods such as silk. The business continued for twenty years and some of
they became permanent residents (Encyclopedia of New York City 670).
In 1890-1891, there were 600 Japanese in New York City, more than half of whom
lived in Brooklyn and worked at the Brooklyn Navy Yard (Encyclopedia of New York City
670).
In the mid-1890`s the number of Japanese began to increase to increase, rising
to more than 1000 in 1900, with 90 percent employed in domestic work (Encyclopedia of New York City
670).
In 1897, the first Japanese newspaper, a short-lived weekly, was published by a
Japanese college student in Brooklyn (Encyclopedia of New York City
670).
In
1899, the Japanese Christian Institute was organizations that offered room and
board to Japanese immigrants and businessmen (Encyclopedia of New York City 670).
In 1907, the Japanese Mutual Aid Society, a community welfare group, established
(Encyclopedia of
New York City 671).
In 1909, Japan and the United States reached a “gentlemen`s agreement”
concerning immigration as a result Japanese issues two typed of passport –one
for skilled or unskilled laborers, the other for non-laborers such as students,
merchants, businessmen, and professionals, who were require to have a middle
all Japanese education or its equivalent-and all Japanese citizens at Japanese
consular office (Encyclopedia of New York City 671).
In 1914, the Japanese Association of New York was sponsored by Japanese
government (Encyclopedia of New York City 671).
In
1920, the Japanese population in New York City was 4652. The Japanese people
were about 75 percent worked in house helpers. Most of the rest worked at
semiskilled or unskilled jobs in small businesses such as amusement concessions
at Coney Island (Encyclopedia of New York City 671). They lived southern Manhattan 123rd
street, and down-town Brooklyn, some of them lived in Long Island (Encyclopedia of New York
City 671).
During
the period from 1924 to 1952, the National Origins Act was enforced and
Japanese emigrants were excluded from the United States, the Japanese
population in the city was 2500 to 2900(Encyclopedia of New York City 671).
In
1950, Japanese population increased to more than 3800 (Encyclopedia of New York
City 671).
In
1965, Japanese population increased because of immigration Act (Encyclopedia of New York
City 671).
In
1970, the total population number 14, 0000 (Encyclopedia of New York City 671).
In
1980, the total population number 21,000 of whom 17,000 were Japanese born (Encyclopedia of New York
City 671).
In
1990, the total population number 16,828 of which 12,837 were Japanese born (Encyclopedia of New York
City 671). In this decade, decreasing the Japanese
population because Japanese economy was extremely good, it called bubble
economy.
In
2000, the Japanese population numbered 26,419, mostly located in Manhattan (Encyclopedia of New York
City 671).
References;
The Encyclopedia of New York City Second Edition, Kenneth
T. Jackson. Yale University Press.
Books; The Japanese in America Noel L. Leathers, Ph.D. Japanese America Paul R. Spickars Issei and Nisei the settlings of Japanese America Ronald Takaki
Friday, July 6, 2012
# 2 What Kinds of Jobs Did They Find?
1. Who was immigrating? Most Japanese immigrants were young men between the ages of 20 and 40. The women that destined for arranged marriages which called picture bride.
2. 1900-2000 Immigration from Japan the greatest number of 213,634 people
3.Agriculture
and the Japanese immigrant: Historically, Japan has been an agricultural nation. About 50% of the immigrants that left small villages and rural areas became farm workers, because it was the only type of life they had known. In some areas of the United States there was a very large shortage of farm laborers. New immigrants were welcomed to the planting and harvesting of crops. In other areas, many white farmers objected to the new immigrants, arguing that since the Japanese worked for lower wages, they could not compete with them in selling their produce.
The Japanese soon made up much of the farm labor supply on the West Coast where more than half of the citrus and deciduous fruits were produced by Japanese labors. Also, there were more than 90% of the vegetables, berries, and grapes were under the control of Japanese contractors and farm workers because the Japanese farmers had knowledge of agriculture and how to make good farm products and they were very skilled. Eventually, many Japanese immigrants who landed almost penniless at San Francisco were able to become landholders within a very few years.
“Often
unable to perchance land because of discrimination, many Issei eventually found
land to lease to gain more autonomy over their labor. For example, Toji
Fujimoto came to Idaho in the early 1900s to work as a beet laborer for the
Utah and Idaho Sugar Company. He saved his waged to rent 180 acres to grow his
own beets, and his father, brothers, and picture bride soon joined him. Similar
migrations to Idaho increased the Japanese population in the state to over1,
500 by 1920” (Japanese American in the Columbia River Basin).
By 1920, the new immigrants owned nearly 75,000 acres and leased more than
383,000 acres. In spite of smaller farms, Japanese immigrants contributed 13%
of the total agricultural produce of California.
4.Other
industries the Japanese encountered:
Other occupation was the
fishing industry. One of the fishing centers was Terminal Island in Los Angeles
Harbor.
In 1901, a dozen Japanese abalone fishermen came to Terminal Island in Los Angeles.
By 1920, there were also more than 350 Japanese- American gainfully employed as professionals-doctors, lawyers, and dentists, and professors. Also, they worked to own business such as cleaning and hand laundry.
The year first group 186 people of
immigrants from Japan
In 1869, soon after
commodore Perry believed the Japanese to open their ports to American
traders, Emperor Meiji (explain) became the absolute sovereign of
Japan. Almost at once he began to modernize his nation by sending
Japan’s most intelligent young men throughout the world to learn
the ways of the west. They went to nearly every modern nation on the
globe, including the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France,
and Russia.
(Explain)
The Meiji
Restoration of 1868 ended the 265year-old feudalistic Tokugawa shogun
ate. Itagaki Taiseke a powerful leader.
The Meiji
Restoration had sought to return the emperor to a preeminent
position; efforts were made to establish a Shinto-oriented state much
like the state of 1,000 years earlier.
The Meiji
government assured the foreign powers that it would follow the old
treaties negotiated by the bakufu and announced that it would act in
accordance with international law.
The beginning of a
new era in Japan history. The capital was relocated from Kyoto, where
it had been situated since 764, to Tokyo, the new name for Edo.
The Meiji
constitution was to last as the fundamental law until 1947.
Many Japan did not want to the
modernization of Japan
Some were opposed to building big
factories. Some disliked the simple of working in dreary establish as
slaves to machinery. Others did not want to take part in wars or to
serve in the army or navy. Still others were deeply concerned over
the rise of military leaders and the glorification of ideas of force
and might. For theses and other reasons, many Japanese people decided
that they should leave their homeland.
Other Japanese
decided to emigrate for economic reasons. The growing population
meant that land was becoming smaller and smaller. It was increasingly
difficult to produce enough food to meet their needs.
Low wages also
encouraged many Japanese to emigrate. Japanese worker had learned the
art of organizing unions and other group to improve their working
conditions, hours, and pay, the expansion of trade had given Japanese
trade delegation and representative’s opportunities to travel
abroad. Japanese business men, officials, and seamen thus became
aware of the opportunities in foreign lands. They saw the better
economic conditions that existed outside and so became interested in
emigration.
Places in the U.S. first immigrant
settled
The first 186
people of Japanese immigrants to come to the United States settled,
West Coast, Central
Valley, California
Los Angeles, San Francisco, California
Tacoma, Seattle, Washington
Portland, Oregon.
4. Subsequent Japanese immigrants
In 1890, the second Japanese immigrants arrived a labor in Honolulu, Hawaii.
There was major reason for the sudden increase in Japanese immigration the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 stopped the immigration from China to America.
5. The pattern of
immigration from Japan to Hawaii is very similar to the immigration
to the mainland of the United States.
